Europe's Population

Population of Europe in 1800: About 200 million
Population of Europe in 1900: About 400 million
Estimated emigration from Europe between 1800 and 1900: About 70 million
Proportion of European emigrants bound for the United States: About half¹

Immigrants to the United States

1820s: 150,000
1830s: 600,000
1840s: 1.7 million
1850s: 2.6 million
1860s: 2.3 million
1870s: 2.8 million
1880s: 5.2 million²

Proportion of American Population Born Abroad

1850: 9.7%
1860: 13.2%
1870: 14.4%
1880: 13.3%
1890: 14.8%⁶

Foreign-born population of the United States in 1850: 2.2 million
Foreign-born population of the United States in 1870: 5.6 million³

Chinese Population of the United States

1850: 758
1860: 35,565
1870: 64,565
1880: 104,468
1890: 106,688
1900: 81,534
1910: 56,756
1920: 43,560⁴

Chinese proportion of Central Pacific Railroad workforce in 1867: 90%⁵