Across Five Aprils Allusions & Cultural References

When authors refer to other great works, people, and events, it’s usually not accidental. Put on your super-sleuth hat and figure out why.

American Revolution (1.52; 5.125)
Battle of Salamis (1.52)
Charles Sumner (2.33; 3.9)
Governor Francis Pickens (2.50)
Mexican War (1.53)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1.47)
Thomas Paine (5.127)
War of 1812 (1.53)
William Seward (3.9; 9.140)
Willie Lincoln (4.112)

Abraham Lincoln, also referred to as President Lincoln and "Old Abe" (throughout)
Alexander McCook (11.5)
Ambrose Burnside (8.39; 8.44; 10.2)
Andrew Hull Foote (4.25; 4.104; 10.12)
Army of the Potomac (4,7; 5.154; 10.2; 10.4; 10.13; 11.11-12; 11.36)
Army of the Cumberland (10.7; 11.3; 11.12-13; 11.15-17; 11.56; 11.57-58)
Army of the Tennessee (11.11-12; 11.14; 11.55; 11.57-58; 12.1; 12.6; 12.8; 12.20-21)
C. F. Smith (10.12)
David Farragut (8.1; 11.49)
Don Carlos Buell (6.22; 6.45; 6.48; 7.11; 8.5; 8.45)
Franz Sigel (5.45; 5.47; 5.51)
George B. McClellan (3.9; 4.8-9; 4.111; 5.154; 5.192; 7.53-54; 8.6; 8.19; 8.21; 8.23-24; 8.31; 8.33; 8.34; 8.39; 8.41; 8.45; 10.2; 11.36-37; 11.44-46; 11.48; 11.54)
George Gordon Meade (10.13)
George Thomas (11.3-4; 11.7; 11.56-58; 11.60; 12.29)
Henry Halleck (7.50-54; 11.27)
Henry Ward Beecher (3.9)
Horace Greeley (11.33)
John Brown (1.51; 2.33; 5.174)
John Frémont (3.7; 11.33)
John Pope (7.53; 8.1; 8.6; 8.34)
Joseph Hooker (10.1-4; 10.11; 10.13; 11.11; 11.13-14)
Nathaniel Lyon (3.7)
Philip Sheridan (7.53; 11.16)
Robert Anderson (2.50-51)
Salmon P. Chase (3.9)
Samuel Ryan Curtis (5.51)
Ulysses S. Grant (throughout)
Thad Stevens (3.9; 11.33)
Thomas Crittenden (11.5)
Wade Butler (11.33)
Wendell Phillips (3.9; 11.33)
William Lloyd Garrison (2.33)
William Rosecrans "Old Rosy" (8.45; 10.7; 11.3; 11.5)
William Tecumseh Sherman (6.22; 11.11; 11.13; 11.15; 11.34; 11.50-51; 11.55; 11.57-58; 12.1-3; 12.7; 12.9-11; 12.29-30)

Albert Pike (5.53)
Albert Sidney Johnston (4.98; 4.104; 4.108)
Braxton Bragg (8.5; 8.45; 10.7; 11.3; 11.13; 11.17)
Earl Van Dorn (5.53; 8.45)
Edmund Smith (8.5)
Henry McCulloch (5.53)
James Longstreet (8.6; 11.3)
Jefferson Davis (3.9; 5.51; 6.22; 7.54; 8.4)
John Clifford Pemberton (10.10; 10.16)
John Bell Hood (11.55-56; 11.58; 11.60)
P.G.T. Beauregard (2.50; 7.51-52)
Robert E. Lee, also referred to as Bobby Lee (throughout)
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (7.53; 8.6)
Van Dorn (5.53; 8.45)

Antietam (7.55; 8.18; 8.31-32; 8.34; 8.38; 9.111; 10.6; 11.45)
Ball's Bluff (3.5; 3.8; 4.3)
Battle of the Wilderness (11.35; 11.37; 11.40)
Bull Run (3.3; 3.5; 3.8; 4.3; 6.42; 8.6; 8.34)
Chancellorsville (7.55; 10.1; 10.3; 10.6; 11.35)
Chickamauga (11.2-3; 11.6-7; 11.9; 11.56)
Cold Harbor (11.37; 11.40)
Fort Donelson (4.4; 4.17; 4.26; 4.28; 4.85-86; 4.89; 4.108-109; 4.159; 5.38; 5.55; 6.23, 6.30; 6.47; 8.1; 10.12; 11.4)
Fort Henry (4.2-3; 4.25-26; 4.28; 4.85-86; 4.104; 4.109; 8.1; 10.12)
Fort Sumter (2.47; 2.50; 3.8; 12.106)
Fredericksburg (7.55; 8.42; 8.46; 9.111; 10.6; 11.35)
Gettysburg (10.15; 10.18-19; 11.6; 11.20; 11.64)
Island No. 10 (8.1; 8.6)
Logan's Crossroads (11.4)
Pea Ridge (5.43; 5.45-48; 6.137; 8.1; 8.45)
Pittsburg Landing, also known as the Battle of Shiloh (6.22; 6.82-83; 6.87; 7.14; 7.34; 7.50; 8.4; 9.16; 9.87; 9.111; 10.12; 11.64)
Spotsylvania (11.37)
Stones River (8.45-46)
Vicksburg (8.2; 10.8; 10.11; 10.16-17; 11.6)
Wilson's Creek (3.7-8; 4.3; 12.78)