An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals Allusions & Cultural References

Literary and Philosophical References

Literature and Poetry

• Juvenal (II.I.4)
• Jacobus Sannazarius (V.II.14)
• Ovid (V.II.14)
• Jonathan Swift (VI.I.8)
• Charles de Saint-Évremond (VI.I.9, VII.3fn1)
• Virgil (VI.II.2, VII.27)
• Homer (VI.II.4, VII.15), The Odyssey (VII.4)
• Boileau (VII.7)
• Horace (V.II.3, V.II.14, VII.1, IX.I.8fn1, AII.3, AIV.20fn1)
• François Fénelon (VII.15)
• Edmund Spenser (VII.15)
• Elysian Fields (VII.20)
• Arcadia (VII.20)
• Michel de Montaigne (VIII.9)
• Baldassare Castiglione (IX.I.2)
• Euripides (AIV, AIV.20fn1)

Philosophy

• Thomas Hobbes (III.I.15fn1, AII.3), Hobbist (AII.4)
• Plato (III.I.15fn1, VI.I.11, VII.25), The Republic, Phaedrus (IV.5fn1), Menone (AIV.20fn1)
• Nicolas Malebranche (III.II.13fn1)
• Ralph Cudworth (III.II.13fn1)
• Samuel Clarke (III.II.13fn1)
• Pierre Bayle, The Dictionary Historical and Critical (III.II.17fn1)
• The Stoics (IV.5fn1, VI.I.21, AIV.14)
• Francis Bacon (V.II.2)
• Peripatetics (VI.I.2)
• Niccolò Machiavelli (VI.I.9)
• Aeschines Socraticus (V.I.11, AIV.20fn1)
• Socrates (VII.17, VIII.10)
• Epictetus (VII.17, AIV.14)
• Aristotle (VIII.9), Ethics (VIII.9fn1, AIV.12)
• Cleanthes of Assos (IX.I.2)
• Gratian (full name: Baltasar Gracián y Morales) (IX.I.2)
• Epicurus (AII.3)
• John Locke (AII.3)
• Epicureans (AII.4)
• Hugo Grotius (AIII.8fn1)

Mythology

• Polyphemus (VI.I.8)
• Ajax (VII.4)
• Medea (VII.7)
• Oedipus (AI.12)
• Laius (AI.12)

Historical References

• Cicero (Recurring)
• Lord Shaftsbury (I.4)
• Pericles (II.I.2)
• Athens/Athenians (II.I.2, IV.9, VII.12, VII.25, VIII.10, AIV.19)
• Levellers (III.II.3)
• Sparta (III.II.4)
• The Achaean Republic (IV.4)
• Plutarch (IV.5fn1, V.II.25fn1, VII.8fn2, AIV.16)
• Polybius (V.I.6, V.I.16, AIV.9fn2, AIV.19) 
• Demosthenes (V.I.11, VII.12, AIV.5) 
• Thucydides (V.II.18, VII.15, VII.25)
• Francesco Guicciardini (V.II.18, AIV.18)
• Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (V.II.19)
• Tiberius (V.II.19)
• Soranus (V.II.19)
• Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus (V.II.19)
• Publius Cornelius Tacitus (V.II.19, VII.9)
• Nero (V.II.19, V.II.25, AI.12, AI.17)
• Timon of Athens (V.II.25)
• Alcibiades (V.II.25) 
• Ofonius Tigellinus (V.II.25)
• Seneca (V.II.25, AII.13fn1, AIV.20fn1) 
• Burrhus (V.II.25)
• Cromwell (VI.I.8)
• Jean François Paul de Gondi, cardinal de Retz (VI.I.8)
• Mareschal Turenne (VI.I.9)
• Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cunctator (VI.I.9)
• Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (VI.I.9)
• Dicaearchus (V.I.16)
• Caesar (VI.I.19, VII.3, AIV.6)
• Lucian of Samosata (VI.I.21)
• Xenophon of Athens (VI.II.2)
• Epaminondas (VI.II.2, VI.II.4fn2) 
• Pompey (VI.II.4, AIV.10)
• Sallust (VI.II.4fn1, AIV.6)
• Cassius (VII.3)
• Longinus (VII.4, VII.5)
• Alexander the Great (VII.5, VII.6)
• Parmenio (VII.5)
• Darius III (VII.5, VII.25)
• Prince of Condé (VII.6)
• Phocion (VII.8)
• Vitellius (VII.9)
• Philip II of Macedon (VII.12, AIV.5)
• The Suevi (VII.13)
• The Scythians (VII.14)
• Herodotus (VII.14)
• Henry IV of France (VII.23)
• Charles XII of Sweden (VII.24)
• Xerxes I of Persia (VII.25)
• Lysias (VII.25)
• Isocrates (VII.25)
• Augustus (VII.27)
• Maurice, Prince of Orange (VIII.9)
• Don Ambrogio Spinola Doria, 1st Marquis of the Balbases (VIII.9)
• Iphicrates (VIII.10)
• Solon (IX.I.9)
• Agrippina the Younger (AI.12, AI.17)
• Euclid (AI.14)
• Andrea Palladio (AI.15)
• Claude Perrault (AI.15)
• Gaius Verres (AI.16)
• Catiline (AI.16)
• Titus Pomponius Atticus (AII.3, AIV.10)
• Cyrus the Great (AIII.4)
• Cato the Younger (AIV.6)
• Achaeus (AIV.9)
• Hannibal (AIV.17)
• Livy (AIV.17)
• Hasdrubal (AIV.17)
• Timaeus (Greek historian) (AIV.19)
• Agathocles (AIV.19)
• The Carthaginian state (AIV.19)

Religious References

• Egyptian (II.II.9, II.II.13)
• Zoroaster (II.II.11)
• Genesis (III.I.5fn1)
• Jesuits (III.II.17fn1)
• Manicheans (V.II.25)
• Solomon (AIV.14)
• David (AIV.15)
• Alexander the Sixth (AIV.18)