When poets refer to other great works, people, and events, it’s usually not accidental. Put on your super-sleuth hat and figure out why.
- Arius, a heretic from the 4th century C.E. who denied the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. (Line 39)
- Galatians, the 9th book of the Christian New Testament, written by Paul the Apostle around 200 C.E. The specific text in Galatians referenced does not exist. (Line 49)
- Manichee, a member of a Gnostic heretical group from the 3rd century C.E. (Line 56)
- Belial, a demon from the Judeo-Christian tradition sometimes associated with naughty, wicked physical pleasure. (Line 60)
- Vespers, the evening prayer service in Catholic monasteries. (Line 71)
- Plena gratia, the second line of the Catholic "Hail, Mary" prayer, in Latin. (Line 71)
- Ave, Virgo! The first line in Latin of the Litany to the Blessed Virgin, which was not actually a part of the Vespers service at this time. (Line 72).