We have changed our privacy policy. In addition, we use cookies on our website for various purposes. By continuing on our website, you consent to our use of cookies. You can learn about our practices by reading our privacy policy.

Lift Every Voice and Sing Allusions & Cultural References

When poets refer to other great works, people, and events, it’s usually not accidental. Put on your super-sleuth hat and figure out why.

Historical References

  • "Stony the road we trod" (11): This is a reference to African-Americans' long struggle for freedom. 
  • "Bitter the chastening rod" (12): This is a reference to the violence that African-Americans had to endure in America—first as slaves, and then, after the abolishment of slavery in 1865, as second-class citizens who were often the targets of violence.