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Finance: How Are Interest Rates Determined? 674 Views
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Description:
How are interest rates determined? In short, the Federal Reserve plays the main role in determining interest rates. To do this, they use information from the economy and banks. When banks set their interest rates, they look at factors like the borrower’s ability to pay back the loan and inflation risk.
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Transcript
- 00:00
Finance a la shmoop how are interest rates determined? mm-hmm...so imagine
- 00:08
this some nice stranger out there just pre-approved you for a credit card [Person thinking about credit cards]
- 00:13
groovy looking over the paperwork you got in the mail however it appears
- 00:17
there's a 20% interest rate attached awesome ish except you have no idea what
- 00:23
an interest rate is why it's that percentage or who set it at 20% well
Full Transcript
- 00:28
congratulations you're about as clueless as the typical 35 year old these days [Woman walks into lamp post holding credit card]
- 00:33
but here's the lowdown for every thousand bucks you borrow on that credit
- 00:37
card you'll be paying two hundred bucks a year to rent that money and you'll
- 00:42
continue to pay that every year until both the principal and the interest of
- 00:46
your loan are paid off well there are two elements to an interest rate one [Elements to interest rate appear]
- 00:50
element is the economy the world's interest rates are generally set by
- 00:55
governments seeking to either add fuel to the flame of the economy by lowering
- 00:59
rates and making money cheap to borrow so people spend and hire people or they're
- 01:04
trying to suck oxygen from its thirsty gaping maw so that the world's economies
- 01:10
are relatively stable and inflation is under control meaning they make the cost
- 01:14
of borrowing money high so the pricing doesn't get out of control and that's
- 01:19
for a different video and we'll get to that later...when economies are weak
- 01:22
the government lowers interest rates right they're hoping to encourage people
- 01:26
to spend money greenlight new projects hire new bodies [People shaking hands]
- 01:29
do stuff with their dough low interest rates on credit cards are generally a
- 01:34
good thing for consumers seeking to buy tchotchkes like earrings and belly rings
- 01:40
at a mall so that is if your credit card only charged you 2% a year in interest [Interest of credit card formula appears]
- 01:47
well that'd be 20 bucks a year to rent that grand and with cheap money
- 01:52
available to you well you'd be happy to buy more belly rings on credit well
- 01:57
things work in the opposite direction as well when economies get too hot and
- 02:01
inflation runs out of control governments seek to cool things down by
- 02:05
raising the cost of money when inflation is very high bad things happen generally
- 02:09
to old people which sucks because we love the [Old man falls over]
- 02:12
guys they always have butterscotch candy take for example someone who lives on a
- 02:16
pension that pays them say 3% a year like it's all in bonds because they have
- 02:21
to be safe they can't take stock market risk so they only get 3%
- 02:25
well if inflation skyrockets and it's 10% a year well in a very short time
- 02:30
period they're spending dollar buys only half as much as it used to and while
- 02:35
then you can find these people living in a station wagon from the 70s parked on [Old man and woman sitting on chairs]
- 02:40
your local curb got it so if inflation is 10% they're only getting 3 they're
- 02:44
losing 7 percent of their buying power every year so that was the capital
- 02:50
markets price of money I.e what's the price the government
- 02:53
sets for the cost of its best customers to borrow money yeah that's the Fed
- 02:58
that's kind of how they price lending money to banks all right well who are
- 03:02
the best customers Google, Bill Gates that nun who just won the lottery [Nun appears in church]
- 03:06
but that doesn't tell the whole interest rate story here why would you be charged
- 03:10
20% interest on your credit card and Bill Gates only 3% one word risk if
- 03:16
you're Bill Gates who's got like roughly a bajillion dollars and you're taking a [Bill Gates relaxing in a chair]
- 03:21
loan for a short duration and have a long history of paying back your debt
- 03:26
well you're a low risk to pay back that thousand dollars bill borrowed to put
- 03:31
his bellybutton ring in at the mall and a bank can afford to charge him a small
- 03:35
interest rate because it's so likely they'll get paid back whereas if you're
- 03:39
just some bum named Gil Yates no relation obviously and you have five [Gil standing at a bus stop]
- 03:44
dollars to your name and are a huge flight risk well a bank is probably not
- 03:49
going to be too excited to offer you any loan at all and if they did it would
- 03:53
feature an extremely high interest rate to make up for the risk of you not
- 03:58
paying them back right if you were the bank you'd probably do the same thing
- 04:01
so who's the magic wizard behind the curtain who sets these things in the [Interest rate appears from out of magicians hat]
- 04:04
first place and how does that work well financially the US is still the center
- 04:08
of the world the Fed is the American vehicle which
- 04:11
sets the price to banks for borrowing money the Fed, the Fed yeah it sounds
- 04:16
kind of kind of like big shot there right well structurally banks might pay
- 04:19
1% to the government to borrow money and then they might mark up the price of
- 04:24
that money to 5% make 4% spread between the bid and the ask
- 04:29
price of the debt that they basically buy from the government and then resell
- 04:33
to people like you and me... in English you bet say a bank takes a million dollar
- 04:38
loan from the Fed it'll pay $10,000 a year in interest to the Fed for [Interest payment calculation appears]
- 04:42
borrowing that money if it turns around and loans money to Joe the Plumber
- 04:46
a million dollars for his parts distribution business charging him 5%
- 04:50
per year well then Joe pays the bank 50 grand a
- 04:53
year to rent that money and the bank shows a gross profit thereof $40,000 a
- 04:58
year just for kindly Joe that's 50 minus 10 you know some heavy calculus there
- 05:03
now while all of this might sound like the financial gravy train is not that [Gravy train of money goes by]
- 05:07
simple Joe the plumbers business well like that kind of business goes bankrupt
- 05:11
all the time and when that happens banks don't get paid back the million bucks
- 05:16
they loaned Joe sometimes they get zero the banks are however still on the hook
- 05:20
for the million dollars they borrowed from the American federal system if the
- 05:24
bank doesn't pay back the Fed well they basically all go to jail and get
- 05:28
tortured in Guantanamo or something like that oh wait we don't torture anymore do
- 05:31
we oh we do all right then well then you
- 05:33
don't want to default on the Fed so anyway that widespread of 4% has to cover
- 05:37
a lot of deadbeats who don't follow through on their promises to pay back
- 05:40
the money they borrow that's how it works in the US and most Western [Western countries highlighted on map]
- 05:43
countries have more or less the same system the numbers may seem small to you
- 05:47
but over time they really add up if you borrow $10,000 at a 20 percent
- 05:51
annual rate and it takes you ten years to pay off that money well your total
- 05:56
interest would be and strap yourself in there here's the math it's ten thousand
- 06:00
times the quantity one plus 0.2 which is the 20% there to the tenth power that's
- 06:07
how you do the math there so what's 1.2 to the 10th which reflects the
- 06:11
compounding of that interest rate for about ten years well it's about 6.2
- 06:14
how do you get the math well you multiply that number by 10,000 which
- 06:18
revealed that a 20% interest rate on a 10-grand loan for 10 years cost you
- 06:23
about 62,000 big ones 10 grand it really cost you 62... [Bill gates appears]
- 06:28
compare that to Bill Gates who can spend $10,000 on a cheap card costing 3% and
- 06:34
doesn't pay it back for 10 years well here's the difference the cost of
- 06:37
renting that 10 grand for 10 years at 3% well it's about 1.35 and yes Bill's
- 06:43
cost of renting that doe for 10 years 13.5 grand vastly cheaper because
- 06:49
well Bill is a vastly safer bet to pay back his debt than you are as for that [Interest rates for Bill and Joe appear]
- 06:54
20% rate on your new credit card well it sounds steep but it's sadly pretty
- 06:59
average just be sure to pay it off each month because if you get way behind in
- 07:02
your payments well, the magic wizard behind the curtain isn't going to swoop
- 07:05
in to save you sorry just keeping it real
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