¹ Aristotle, Politics I, 2-5, quoted in Michael Levin, "Natural Subordination, Aristotle On," Philosophy 72:280 (1997), 241.

² Bertram Wyatt-Brown, "The Abolitionists' Postal Campaign of 1835," The Journal of Negro History 50:4 (Oct., 1965), 233.

³ George Fox, quoted in G. David Houston, "John Woolman's Efforts in Behalf of Freedom," The Journal of Negro History 2:2 (April 1917), 127.

⁴ Nell Irvin Painter, "Representing Truth: Sojourner Truth's Knowing and Becoming Known," The Journal of American History 81:2 (September 1994), 471.

⁵ William H. Loving, Tennessee Constitutional Convention, 28 June 1834, quoted in the Nashville Republican and State Gazette, 5 July 1834, and in Chase C. Mooney, "The Question of Slavery and the Free Negro in the Tennessee Constitutional Convention of 1834," The Journal of Southern History 12:4 (November 1946), 505.

⁶ Jesse Wilson, North Carolina Constitutional Convention, Raleigh, North Carolina, June 1835, quoted in Henry Groves Connor, The Convention of 1835, reprinted from the North Carolina Booklet for October, 1908 (Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton Printing Company, 1908), Call number Cp342 C75c c.2 (North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), 13-14, http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/connor08/connor08.html.

⁷ William Henry Seward, quotation no. 6178 in John Bartlett, comp., Familiar Quotations, 10th ed, rev. and enl. by Nathan Haskell Dole (Boston: Little, Brown, 1919); source: speech, 11 March 1850, archived at Bartleby, 2000, http://www.bartleby.com/100/409.1.html.

⁸ Charles Sumner, "On the Crime Against Kansas," 1856, from The World’s Famous Orations, Vol. IX, America: II (1818–1865) (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1906), archived at Bartleby, http://www.bartleby.com/268/9/14.html.

⁹ William Henry Seward, quotation no. 6179 in John Bartlett, comp., Familiar Quotations, 10th ed, rev. and enl. by Nathan Haskell Dole (Boston: Little, Brown, 1919); source: speech, 25 October 1858, archived at Bartleby, 2000, http://www.bartleby.com/100/409.2.html.

¹⁰ "Resolutions of The Germantown Mennonites," 18 February 1688, archived at The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/men01.asp.

¹¹ Quoted in "This Far by Faith: 1776-1865: From Bondage to Holy War," PBS, p. 5, http://www.pbs.org/thisfarbyfaith/journey_2/p_5.html.

¹² Chris Padgett, "Hearing the Antislavery Rank-and-File: The Wesleyan Methodist Schism of 1843," Journal of the Early Republic 12:1 (Spring, 1992), 66.

¹³ George Fox, quoted in G. David Houston, "John Woolman's Efforts in Behalf of Freedom," The Journal of Negro History 2:2 (April 1917), 127.

¹⁴ Robert Beverley, quoted in David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in The Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975), 169.

¹⁵ Bertram Wyatt-Brown, "The Abolitionists' Postal Campaign of 1835," The Journal of Negro History 50:4 (Oct., 1965), 233.

¹⁶ George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi, America: A Narrative History, Fifth Ed. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999), 662; Michael R. Haines, "Population, by sex and race: 1790-1990," TableAa145-184, Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/. NB: In censuses prior to 1950, the urban population comprised all persons living in incorporated places of 2,500 or more and areas (usually minor civil divisions) classified as urban under special rules relating to population size and density.

¹⁷ Betty Fladeland, "Who Were the Abolitionists?" The Journal of Negro History 49:2 (April 1964), 103.

¹⁸ Thomas Jefferson to John Holmes, 22 April 1820, quoted in The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G.P. Putnam's sons, 1904-1905), 12, 158-60.

¹⁹ Robert Penn Warren, John Brown, The Making of a Martyr (New York: Payson & Clarke Ltd., 1929), 428-29.

²⁰ Ralph Waldo Emerson, quoted in Gilbert M. Ostrander, "Emerson, Thoreau, and John Brown," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 39 (1953), 713-26.

²¹ C. Vann Woodward, "John Brown's Private War," Woodward, The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1960), 48-49.

²² James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 210.

²³ Quoted in Edward D. Snyder, "The Biblical Background of the 'Battle Hymn of the Republic,'" (in Memoranda and Documents), The New England Quarterly 24:2 (June 1951), 232

²⁴ Thomas R. Lounsbury, ed. Yale Book of American Verse (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1912).

²⁵ Nell Irvin Painter, "Representing Truth: Sojourner Truth's Knowing and Becoming Known," The Journal of American History 81:2 (September 1994), 471.

²⁶ George M. Frederickson, The Black Image in the White Mind (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 101-2.

²⁷ Angelina Grimké, "Bearing Witness Against Slavery," in Diane Ravitch, The American Reader: Words That Moved a Nation (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 188-91.

²⁸ Constitution of the United States, archived at Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute, http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/index.html.

²⁹ David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in The Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975), 165.

³⁰ Gerda Lerner, The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina (New York : Schocken Books, 1971), 3.

³¹ Leonard L. Richards, "Gentlemen of Property and Standing": Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 16-17; Chris Padgett, "Hearing the Antislavery Rank-and-File: The Wesleyan Methodist Schism of 1843," Journal of the Early Republic 12:1 (Spring, 1992), 64.

³² Edward Magdol, The Antislavery Rank and File: A Social Profile of the Abolitionists' Constituency (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 54.

³³ Edward Magdol, The Antislavery Rank and File: A Social Profile of the Abolitionists' Constituency (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 7; Michael R. Haines, "Population, by sex and race: 1790-1990," TableAa145-184, Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/. NB: In censuses prior to 1950, the urban population comprised all persons living in incorporated places of 2,500 or more and areas (usually minor civil divisions) classified as urban under special rules relating to population size and density.

³⁴ Charles H. Wesley, "The Negro in the Organization of Abolition," Phylon (1940-1956) 2:3 (3rd Qtr., 1941), pp. 224-5.

³⁵ Frederick Douglass, "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," speech in Rochester, New York, 4 July 1852, archived at Africans in America, "Judgement Day, Part 4: 1831-1865," PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2927.html.

³⁶ Silas Lee to George Thacher, 23 January 1788, quoted in Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780-1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 37.

³⁷ William Lloyd Garrison, "Declaration of Sentiments Adopted by the Peace Convention," The Liberator (28 September 1838), 154.

³⁸ Quoted in William E. Dodd, Chapter III, "Philosophy of the Cotton Planter," The Cotton Kingdom (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1919), 53.

³⁹ Quoted in David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in The Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975), 169.

⁴⁰ The African Repository, I (1825), quoted in Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery; the Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961), 21.

⁴¹ Stan Cohen, "John Brown, The Thundering Voice of Jehovah," PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/brown/sfeature/song.html.