¹ Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung, Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States, US Census Bureau, Population Division, Working Paper No. 56, September 2002, http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html, accessed 7 January 2009.

² Cambell Gibson, Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places In the United States, 1790-1990, US Bureau of the Census, Population Division, Working Paper No. 27, June 1998, http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html, accessed 7 January 2009.

³ Joseph Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001), 55.

⁴ Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1974), 51.

⁵ John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menand, The Economy of British America, 1607-1789 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press), 373.

⁶ Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800 (New York: Oxford University Press), 71.

⁷ Curtis P. Nettles, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-1815 (White Plains, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1962), 49.

⁸ Bernard Bailyn et al, The Great Republic: A History of the American People (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Company, 1985), xxi.

⁹ Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800 (New York: Oxford University Press), 513, 741.

¹⁰ George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796, archived by The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp, accessed 7 January 2009.

¹¹ George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796, archived by The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp, accessed 7 January 2009.

¹² Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800 (New York: Oxford University Press), 457.

¹³ Alexander Hamilton to Robert Morris, 30 April 1781, Harold C. Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 27 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 2:635.

¹⁴ Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 184-185. On Tinker's identity see p. 184, fn. 19.

¹⁵ Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 130.

¹⁶ George Washington, quoted in Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800 (New York: Oxford University Press), 484.

¹⁷ Both James Madison and the German Republican Society of Philadelphia quoted in James Roger Sharp, "The Whiskey Rebellion and the Question of Representation," in Steven R. Boyd, ed., The Whiskey Rebellion: Past and Present Perspectives (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985), 128-129.

¹⁸ Matthew Lyon, quoted in Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800 (New York: Oxford University Press), 710.

¹⁹ The Sedition Act, 1798, or An Act in Addition to the Act, Entitled "An Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes Against the United States," available online at: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/statutes/sedact.htm

²⁰ Thomas Jefferson, quoted in Joseph Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001), 181-182.

²¹ Harrison Gray Otis, quoted in Marshall Foletta, Coming to Terms with Democracy: Federalist Intellectuals and the Shaping of an American Culture (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001), 41.

²² Joseph Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001), 169.

²³ John F. Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1990), 13.

²⁴ Barbara Glover, "George Washington-A Dental Victim," Riversdale (Maryland) Historical Society, 1998, http://www.americanrevolution.org/dental.html, accessed 7 January 2009.

²⁵ Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), 7-38.

²⁶ Thomas Fleming, Duel: Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and the Future of America (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 7-9.

²⁷ Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1974), 129.

²⁸ George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796, archived by The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp, accessed 7 January 2009.

²⁹ George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796, archived by The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp, accessed 7 January 2009.

³⁰ Alexander Hamilton to Robert Morris, 30 April 1781, Harold C. Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 27 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 2:635.

³¹ Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, November 26, 1775, Adrienne Koch, ed. The American Enlightenment: The Shaping of the American Experiment and a Free Society (New York: George Braziller, 1965) 562-563.

³² Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No.1, 1787, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 89.

³³ John Adams to James Lloyd, March 31, 1815, Adrienne Koch, ed. The American Enlightenment: The Shaping of the American Experiment and a Free Society (New York: George Braziller, 1965) 225.