The Once and Future King Allusions & Cultural References

Literary and Philosophical References

• Summa Logicales (S.1.1, S.5.14, S.9.92)
• Aristotle, Organon (S.1.1, S.5.14)
• Jacob (S.2.9): biblical patriarch.
• Athene (S.3.84)
• Archimedes (S.3.33)
• Aristotle (S.4.17, S.17.44)
• Hecate (S.4.17): Greek goddess associated with witchcraft and the moon.
• Flavius Arrianus (S.5.6): 2nd-century Roman philosopher and primary source for accounts of Alexander the Great.
• Neptune (S.5.22-23)
• Balin and Balan (throughout S.8): characters from Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur.
• Shakespeare, Macbeth (S.8.64)
• Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus (S.8.64)
• Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells" (S.8.93)
• Erasmus (S.9.29)
• Elijah (S.9.42): biblical prophet.
• Rabbi Jachanan (S.9.42)
• Castor and Pollux (S.9.68)
• Circe (S.10.134)
• Sir John de Mandeville (S.11.44-45)
• Psalm 24:7 (S.13.84)
• Sherlock Holmes (S.17.42)
• Linnaeus (S.17.42)
• Proserpine (S.17.73)
• Orion (S.18.1)
• Children of Lir (S.19.71-73)
• blue-stocking (S.19.96) refers to an educated and intellectual woman, or a member of the 18th-century Blue Stockings Society.
• Pegasus (S.19.30)
• Eden (S.19.30, Q.2.95, Q.5.60)
• Cinderella (S.20.13)
• Shakespeare, Hamlet (S.21.57, C.10.3, C.11.121)
• Cain and Abel (Q.3.50, C.14.11)
• Shee (Q.5.2): Irish fairies.
• Queen Maeve (Q.5.12)
• King Conor Mac Nessa (Q.5, referenced in a big chunk of the chapter): illustrious king in Irish mythology, part of the Ulster Cycle.
• Conan (Q.5.37): mythological Irish warrior leader.
• Fianna (Q.5.37): mythological Irish and Scottish warrior bands.
• Chaucer (Q.6.2, K.2.13, K.25.6, C.3.17)
• Nunc Dimittis (Q.6.45): Luke 2:29-32. Line often used as the last in a religious service. (The fancy Latin means "Now you dismiss your servant.")
• Liber de Natura Qorundam Animalium (Q.7.80-82): a medieval bestiary, or book that describes animals both real and mythic, along with their qualities and habits.
• Finn MacCoul (Q.7.123): famed Hunter-Warrior of Irish mythology.
• Sigmund Freud (Q.13.31)
• Thomas Malory (Q.14.2, Q.14.19, K.1.21, K.28.1, K.39.1, C.3.11-12, C.14.38ff.)
• Thomas Malory, Morte d'Arthur (Q.14.2, Q.14.19, K.3.9)
• Fir Bolg (Q.14.4): a mythological ancient race that lived in Ireland.
• Tuatha de Danaan (Q.14.4): a race of supernatural beings in Irish lore.
• Tennyson (K.2.7, K.11.1, C.3.1)
• Pre-Raphaelites (K.2.7)
• Pentecost (K.8.77 and many times following)
• Quasimodo (K.10.15)
• Joseph of Arimathea (K.11.6, K.11.37, K.28.54, K.33.35)
• Anna Karenina (K.16.4)
• Vronsky (K.16.4)
• Nausicaa (K.21.5): daughter of King Alcinous from Homer's Odyssey.
• Ulysses (K.21.5)
• chi-ro (K.25.8): early symbol for Jesus Christ, made by putting together the first two Greek letters of "Christ."
• The Legend Aurea (K.25.8): The Golden Legend, a collection of saint's lives compiled c.1260.
• Jeu d'Echecs Moralisé (K.25.8): a 13th-century book on the moral implications of chess.
• Treatise of Hawkynge (K.25.8).
• Ars Magna (K.25.8): The Great Art, a book on algebra dating to about the mid 1500s.
• Raymond Lully (K.25.8, C.3.12): a 13th-century Spanish philosopher and logician.
• Speculum Majus (K.25.8)
• Holy Sepulchre (K.27.43)
• One True Cross (K.27.43, 45, and earlier in K).
• Gospels (K.27.45)
• The Holy Shroud (K.27.45)
• De Joinville (K.27.49)
• Seven Deadly Sins (K.28.40)
• King David (K.30.48)
• Eden tree (K.30.48)
• Calidone (K.30.48): Old Latin name given to extreme northern Scotland.
• Ertanax (K.30.48)
• "The impassioned, pigmy fist…" (K.32.4). A reference to a poem called "Everyman" by Siegfried Sassoon, a WWI-era British poet.
• Rudyard Kipling (K.32.7)
• Kim (K.32.7)
• Archangel Michael (K.32.30)
• She gathered her rosebuds while she might (K.34.7): a reference to the Robert Herrick poem, "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time."
• Maid of Astolat (K.40.4): another name for Elaine in various Arthurian texts.
• Edgar Allan Poe (C.1.5)
• Romeo and Juliet (C.3.1)
• Albertus Magnus (C.3.12): 13th-century German scholar, philosopher, and theologian, perhaps one of the greatest of the Middle Ages.
• Friar Bacon (C.3.12): a character in a Renaissance-era comedy written by Robert Greene.
• William of Malmesbury (C.3.13): foremost English historian of the 12th century. He wrote a bit of pseudo-history about some of Arthur's supposed exploits.
• Lutterell Psalter (C.3.15): a richly illustrated British book of psalms created around the mid 1300s.
• Angel Gabriel (C.3.15)
• Blessed Virgin (C.3.15)
• Alisoun (C.3.17): a character from Chaucer's The Miller's Tale.
• Miller (C.3.17): a character from Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales.
• Reeve (C.3.17): a character from Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales.
• David and Bathsheba (C.5.4, C.8.1)
• Susannah and the Elders (C.5.4)
• parfit, gentle knight (C.7.72): a reference to the Knight from Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales.
• Uriah (C.8.1, C.14.1)
• Alice in Wonderland (C.10.62)
• Galeotto (C.11.1)
• Dante (C.11.1, C.13.1)
• Matthew Paris (C.11.3)
• Cressida (C.11.121)
• Delilah (C.11.121)
• Jessica (C.11.121)
• Antony (C.11.121)
• Jocasta (C.11.121)
• Juliet (C.11.121)
• Gertrude (C.11.121)
• Ophelia (C.11.121)
• Desdemona (C.11.121)
• Cuchullain (C.13.78)
• Inferno (C.14.11)

Historical References

• Eton (S.41.15-16)
• Sir Peter Scott (S.3.25): an early 20th-century British conservationist and bird expert.
• Encyclopedia Brittanica (S.3.25)
• Cromwell (S.4.19)
• Duke of York (S.5.6) (killed at Agincourt)
• Cleopatra (S.5.40, C.11.121)
• Uncle Sam (S.5.72)
• Crécy (S.6.1)
• Sparta (S.8.55)
• Bolsheviks/bolshevists (S.8.64, K.8.1)
• humors (S.9.26)
• Edith Cavell (S.13.36)
• Einstein (S.13.45, Q.10.37)
• Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness (S.13.72)
• Antland, Antland Over All (S.13.75): a twist on "Deutschland, Deutschland Uber Alles," the German national anthem.
• Boxing Day (S.14.14l, S.15.1, several times after that in Ch. 14-16)
• Morris dances (S.15.4)
• Lord Baden-Powell (S.16.22)
• Quaker (S.17.36)
• 1066 (S.22.12)
• lollards (S.22.28, C.1.45)
• Norman Conquest (Q.3.50)
• Saxon Conquest (Q.3.50)
• Boer War (Q.4.21)
• Mafeking night (Q.4.21-23)
• Angevin kings (Q.4.34)
• William the Conqueror (Q.4.34, K.5.12, C.3.8)
• Henry the Third (Q.4.34)
• Henry the Second (Q.4.34, Q.12.2)
• Stephen (Q.4.34)
• Louis (Q.4.34, C.3.3)
• Pelagian heresy of Celestius (Q.5.1)
• Uffizi (Q.5.72)
• Crusades (Q.7.2, K.2.6, K.25.8, K.27.43, K.34.2)
• An Austrian who invented a new way of life (Q.8.25): a reference to Adolf Hitler.
• Jesus Christ (Q.3,23, Q.8.25, and several other places afterwards)
• Pontius Pilate (Q.8.25)
• Jingo (Q.9.7).
• Coeur de Lion (Q.12.7, C.3.8, C.3.17)
• Gregorian (Q.14.7)
• Ambrosian (Q.14.7)
• Order of the Garter (K.1.14)
• Rufus (K.5.12)
• Henry the First (K.5.12)
• John (K.5.12, C.3.3)
• Henry the Third (K.5.12)
• Philip Augustus (K.7.2, C.3.3)
• O'Connell (K.7.50)
• Papist (K.7.50)
• Protestant (K.7.50)
• Stuart (K.7.50)
• Orangemen (K.7.50)
• Concentration camp (K.7.105)
• Attila the Hun (K.9.17)
• John Scotus Erigena (K.10.15)
• Alexander (K.14.57, C.1.10)
• St. Louis (K.14.57)
• Euclid (K.16.10)
• Guy Fawkes (K.25.4)
• Montfaucon/Mountfalcon (K.25.5, C.3.16)
• Grand National (K.25.5)
• John of Salisbury (K.25.6)
• Duruy (K.25.6)
• Troyes (K.25.8)
• Historia Francorum (K.25.8)
• Gregory of Tours (K.25.8)
• Knight of the Tower Landry (K.25.8)
• Richard III (K.27.2)
• droit de seigneuer (K.28.35)
• Lord Burleigh (K.31.5)
• Queen Elizabeth (K.31.5)
• Patrick's Purgatory (K.32.34)
• Queen Victoria (K.38.26)
• Widen (K.39.1)
• Hobbs (K.39.7)
• Irish Republican Army (C.1.10)
• Scots Nationalists (C.1.10)
• Lynchahaun (C.1.10)
• Adrian (C.1.10)
• St. Jerome (C.1.10, C.3.3)
• John Ball (C.1.18, C.14.17, C.14.19)
• Fylfot (C.1.18): a heraldic symbol that looks kind of like a swastika
• Morfa-Rhuddlan (C.3.3)
• Sahib (C.3.3)
• Llewellyn ap Griffith (C.3.3)
• Plantagenets (C.3.3)
• Capets (C.3.3)
• Ingulf of Croyland (C.3.3)
• Hus (C.3.3)
• Jumièges (C.3.3)
• Giles de Retz (C.3.3)
• Duke of Berry (C.3.3)
• Black Death (C.3.3, C.3.18)
• Beauté (C.3.8)
• Plaisance (C.3.8)
• Malvoisin (C.3.8)
• Boy Scout (C.3.15)
• Cistercians (C.3.15, C.10.63)
• Geoffrey de Preully (C.3.15)
• Earl of Salisbury (C.3.15)
• Bishop of Salisbury (C.3.15)
• Edward III (C.3.15)
• Barnabas Visconti (C.3.15)
• St. Lawrence (C.3.15)
• St. Michael (C.3.15)
• St. Peter (C.3.15)
• Engeurrand de Marigny (C.3.16)
• Dukes of Berry and Brittany (C.3.16)
• Truce of God (C.3.18)
• Henry IV (C.5.1)
• Bridge of Sighs (C.9.2)
• Pasteur (C.14.2)
• Curie (C.14.2)

Pop Culture References

• "By the Light of the Silvery Moon" (S.13.30)
• "My Mammy" (S.13.30)
• Christmas cracker (S.18.49)
• Punch and Judy (S.23.36)
• Greensleeves (Q.8.1)
• Bradman (K.2.1, K.2.3): a famous 20th-century Australian cricket player.
• Woolley (K.2.3): a famous 20th-century British cricket player.
• The Times (K.8.1)
• Colonel Bogey (K.41.2): a popular mid-20th-century marching band song.
• Cinematograph (K.45.1)