The Count of Monte Cristo Allusions & Cultural References

Religious References

• 4.10: "Seek and ye shall find." Matthew 7:7; Luke 11:9
• 15.7: Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin Belshazzar's feast (Daniel 5, specifically 5:25)
• 17.206: The Ascension (of Jesus).
• 31.100: Calvary, the hill on which Jesus was crucified
• 31.263: The Prophet (Muhammad)
• 41.79: Saint Stephen of Florence, Saint George Constantinian of Parma, the Knights of Malta
• 72.7: Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin (Book of Daniel, specifically 5:25)
• 73.206: Mary Magdalene
• 85.124: Calvary, the hill on which Jesus was crucified
• 97.72: Judith, Delilah; women in the Bible
• 104.114: St. Thomas ("Doubting" Thomas)
• 105.154: "daughter of Jairus" (mentioned in multiple Gospels); Jesus walking on water 112.8: The story of Abraham and Isaac in the Book of Genesis

Literary and Philosophical References

• 4.28: Louis-Philippe de Ségur's Chanson morale.
• 9.51: "The fatal stamp of which Virgil speaks" (Virgil, Aeneid, IV, ll. 70-74.)
• 9.67: E.T.A. Hoffman
• 10.2: Horace (specifically the Gryphius edition of his works.)
• 10.12: Canimus surdis. (A misquotation of Virgil's Eclogues: "We do not sing for the deaf.")
• 10.21: Mala ducis avi domum ("As the shepherd was hurrying;" from Horace's Odes.)
• 10.29: Bella, horrida bella ("Wars, frightful wars" Virgil Aeneid, IV.)
• 10.41: Plutarch's Life of Scipio Africanus
• 10.45: "Two Virgilian shepherds (reference to the Eclogues)
• 10.55 Molli fugiens anhelitu; molli anhelitu ("Thou shalt flee, panting and weak;" Horace's Odes)
• 10.87: Justum et tenacem propositi virum ("The man who is firm and just in his intentions;" Horace, Odes)
• 15.6: Ugolino, a character in Dante's Inferno
• 16.97: Thucydides, Xenophon, Plutarch, Livy, Tacitus, Strada, Jornàdes, Dante, Montaigne, Shakespeare, Spinoza, Machiavelli, Bossuet
• 18.61: Arabian Nights
• 22. 30: Doctor Pangloss, a character in Voltaire's Candide
• 23.69 "…open, Sesame!" (Arabian Nights)
• 29.59: Sinbad the Sailor, a character in the Arabian Nights
• 31.40: James Fenimore Cooper, American novelist
• 31.40: Captain Marryat, an English novelist
• 31.54: Adamastor, a character in Luís de Camões's epic poem Os Lusíadas
• 31.112: Molière's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme
• 31.184: Thousand and One Nights (also known as Arabian Nights)
• 31.199: Aladdin, a character from Arabian Nights
• 31.248: Dante
• 32.23: Sinbad the Sailor, a character in The Thousand and One Nights (a.k.a. Arabian Nights)
• 33.91: Horace, a play by Corneille
• 33.94: Jean Sbogar, a novel by Charles Nodier
• 33.326: Avernus, from Virgil's Aeneid
• 34.5: Martial, a Latin poet
• 34.5: De Spectaculis by Tertullian
• 34.72: Parisina, a poem by Byron
• 34.150: Lord Ruthwen, a vampire from Lord Ruthwen, or The Vampire by Dr Polidori
• 34.151: Lord Byron
• 36.90: Lara, from the poem ("Lara") by Lord Byron
• 36.110: Didier, Anthony; characters from Hugo's Marion Delorme
• 37.148: Caesar's Commentaries
• 39.178: Ariosto, Italian poet
• 47.102: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• 48.66: Ariel and Caliban, characters in William Shakespeare's The Tempest
• 48.67: Socrates, Seneca, Saint Augustine, Gall
• 52.113: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• 52.115: Richard III and Edward IV, characters in Shakespeare's Richard III; Lady Macbeth and Duncan, characters in Shakespeare's Macbeth
• 53.66: Lord Ruthwen, a vampire from Lord Ruthwen, or The Vampire by Dr Polidori
• 53.122: Tom Thumb
• 54.101: Dante's Inferno
• 63.51: Desdemona, character in Shakespeare's Othello
• 63.67: Ugolino, Paoplo and Francesca, Torquato Tasso; historical figures found in Dante's Inferno
• 64.6: Horace, a Roman poet
• 67.52: Titania, queen of the fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
• 69.125: Homer, a Greek poet
• 74.28: Voltaire, French writer
• 76.9: Sappho, Greek poet
• 78.246: Tom Thumb
• 82.10: Fiesco, a character from a play by Schiller
• 88.105: Byron's Lara; Lara, Manfred, Lord Ruthwen
• 95.75: Brabantio and Desdemona, characters from Shakespeare's Othello
• 96.28: Théâtre Français; Dorante, Valère, Alceste (characters from Molière's plays)
• 99.4: Plato
• 107.78: Reference to Racine's Phèdre
• 109.10: Dante, The Divine Comedy
• 112.3: Charles Perrault, author of Sleeping Beauty, among other fairy tales.
• 113.98: Hamlet from Shakespeare's Hamlet
• 114.2: Beaumarchais's The Marriage of Figaro
• 114.127: Plutarch's Life of Alexander
• 115.4: Don Quixote, by Miguel de Cervantes
• 116.13: Harpagon, from Moliére's L'Avare.
• 117.24: Calypso and Telemachus, characters in Fénélon's Télémaque
• 105.18: Malherbe, a French poet

Historical References

• 1.44: Marshal Bertrand
• 1.47: "The Grand Marshal," Napoleon Bonaparte
• 4.76: Joachim Murat
• 6.3: Joséphine (wife of Napoleon, former Empress)
• 6.14: 9th Thermidor and April 4th, 1814 (fall of Robespierre, abdication of Napoleon)
• 6.26: The Holy Alliance (coalition of Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815 at the behest of Czar Alexander I of Russia, signed by the three powers in Paris on September 26, 1815.)
• 6.33: Duc d'Enghien
• 7.17: The carbonari, a group of Italian revolutionaries
• 8.50: the Chateau d'If (prison, held the Comte de Mirabeau)
• 9.3: The Reign of Terror
• 9.2: Brutus, one of the men who killed Julius Caesar
• 9.4: The "Corsican Ogre" (Napoleon)
• 10.1: Louis XVIII, King Louis-Philippe
• 10.40: The battles of Marengo and Austerlitz.
• 10.48: Grognards ("gripers, grumblers," old veterans of Napoleon's army)
• 10.79: Girondin
• 13.3: The Hundred Days
• 14.78: Archimedes and Marcellus
• 14.85: Cardinal Rospigliosi
• 14.90: Machiavelli, Cesare Borgia
• 14.130: Caligula, Nero
• 15.107: Abdication and exile of Napoleon
• 16.47: Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II.
• 16.51: Napoleon, Machiavelli, Cesare Borgia, Alexander VI, Clement VII.
• 16.95: Lavoisier, a French chemist
• 18.30: Cardinal Spada
• 18.31: Pope Alexander VI
• 18.32: Cesare Borgia; Louis XII
• 20.15: Pasquale Paoli, a Corsican patriot
• 23.18: Brutus, one of the men who killed Julius Caesar
• 24.29: Alaric, Visigoth king
• 26.94: Battle of Ligny
• 26.96: Capture of the Trocadero
• 26.99: Ali Pasha
• 28.89: Le Drapeau Blanc (Newspaper)
• 30.18: Le Sémaphore (Newspaper)
• 33.37: Roman ruins (The Capitol, the Forum, the Arch of Septimus Severus, the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, the Via Sacra)
• 33.79: Horatius Cocles, officer in the army of the Roman Republic
• 33.106: Alexander the Great
• 33.106: Julius Caesar
• 33.106: Napoleon Bonaparte
• 34.88: Countess G—; reference to Byron's mistress Countess Teresa Guiccioli
• 35.28: The Comte de Chalais
• 35.45: Edme Castaing, a poisoner
• 35.129: Karl Moor
• 36.19: Callot, a 17th century printmaker
• 36.90: Rothschild, banker.
• 36.128: Pope Gregory XVI
• 39.9: Grisier, Cooks, Charles Leboucher; famous "martial arts" instructors
• 39.10: Luca della Robbia, Bernard de Palissy; Henri IV, Sully, Louis XIII, Richelieu
• 39.31: Don Carlos of Spain
• 39.34: King Charles VII
• 39.39: The Prince of Wales; The Duke of Reichstadt
• 39.86: Metternich
• 39.231: Charlemagne
• 42.66: Louis XIV
• 44.9: Waterloo
• 48.28: Attila the Hun
• 48.66: the Jacobins
• 50.8: Presses and Débats; newspapers
• 52.52: King Mithridates
• 52.92: Haroun al-Rashid
• 52.94: The Medici, the Borgias
• 53.223: Ali Tebelin, another name for Ali Pasha
• 54.56: King Henri IV
• 54.140: Lucullus, a famous Roman politician
• 60.36: King Charles X
• 60.45: The Montagne faction in the Revolutionary convention
• 63.6: Cleopatra, an Egyptian queen
• 63.6: Lorenzo de' Medici
• 63.18: Nero
• 63.28: Pliny
• 65.69: King Don Carlos, Charles V
• 69.125: Belisarius, a general in the army of the Byzantine Empire
• 69.131: King Otto
• 70.111: The "July Monarchy"
• 74.2: King Louis XVIII, King Charles X
• 77.2: Charles IX
• 77.2: Catherine de' Medici, the queen consort of King Henry II of France
• 77.2: Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
• 78.6: Lucy of Lammermoor
• 82.51: Louis XVI
• 95.21: Phaedrus
• 101.Title: Locusta, a serial poisoner
• 104.70: Croesus
• 105.15: Héloïse, a French nun who had an affair with Abélard, a scholar
• 113.23: The imprisonment of Mirabeau in the Chateau d'If

Mythological References

• 14.130: Jupiter, Roman god
• 22.44: Mount Olympus, the home of the Greek and Roman gods
• 22.44: Mercury, Roman god
• 24.18: Sisyphus
• 25.3: Philoctetes, a hero in Greek mythology
• 31.98: Nestor and Ulysses
• 31.258: Amphion, a figure in Greek mythology
• 31.258: Lorelei, a figure in German legend
• 33.79: Curtius, a legendary Roman hero
• 33.92: Baccho (Bacchus)
• 33.339: Romulus and Remus
• 35.62: The Vestal Virgins, priestesses of Vesta, an Ancient Roman goddess
• 36.19: Astarte, a goddess
• 36.41: Nestor, Ulysses, and Circe
• 39.170: Hercules, Cacus, Perseus, Andromeda; mythological figures whose stories are told in Ovid's Metamorphoses
• 41.20: Oedipus, the Sphinx
• 47.49: "Olympian Jove," the Roman god Jupiter
• 53.46-7: Diana the Huntress, the Venus de Milo, the Venus de Capua, Actaeon
• 61.4: Flora (Roman god)
• 66.82: Jupiter (Roman god, reference to various myths regarding his transformation into animals in order to seduce various parties.)
• 67.52: Queen Mab
• 73.326: Jupiter, Roman god
• 76.9: Minerva, Roman goddess
• 96.101: Endymion
• 97.38: Amazons, female warriors in Greek myth
• 97.42: Hercules, Omphale
• 109.59: Jupiter, Roman god
• 115.73: "The barrel of the Danaids"

Art, Theater, and Music References

• 3.5: Venus of Arles (Statue?)
• 15.6: John Martin, English Painter
• 31.194: The Huguenots, an opera with music by Meyerbeer
• 33.318: Léopold Robert, a Swiss painter; Schnetz, a French painter
• 34.72: Lucia di Lammermoor, a tragic opera
• 34.111-115: Coselli, La Spech, La Sontag, La Malibran; opera singers
• 34.131: Poliska, a ballet
• 34.136: Donizetti, composer
• 34.203: Léopold Robert, Puzzoli, Sorrento; painters
• 36.52: L'Italiana in Algeri an Opera 39.11: Beethoven, Weber, Mozart, Haydn, Grétry, Porpora
• 39.103: Béranger, a songwriter
• 41.3: Dupré, Delacroix, Boulanger, Decamps, Salvator Rosa, Giraud, Müller, Dauzat (artists)
• 41.5: Léopold Robert, Swiss painter
• 46.76: Albano, Fattore (artists)
• 46.39: Thorwaldsen, Bartolini, Canova (sculptors)
• 62.44-5: Hobemas, Paul Potter, Mieris, Gerrit Dous, Raphael, Van Dyck, Zurbaran, Murrilos, Hobbema
• 70.85: David (painter); The French Academy (L'Académie Française)
• 70.142: Partons pour le Syrie (song)
• 73.206: Correggio, a painter during the Italian Renaissance
• 88.94: Reference to Rossini's William Tell
• 89.1: "Suivez-moi!" a reference to Rossini's William Tell
• 91.20: Feuchères, Barye (artists)
• 95.40: Pasta, Malibran, Grisi (singers)
• 102.11: Germain Pilon, a sculptor