Indefinite Integrals Introduction
In this unit, we'll discuss techniques for finding integrals, both definite and indefinite. The first technique, integration by substitution, is a way of thinking backwards. Then we'll directly app...
Lagrange (Prime) Notation
When we use the chain rule to take derivatives, there are some patterns that show up a lot. Some examples areWe can use these patterns to find indefinite integrals.The general strategy for integrat...
Leibniz (Fraction) Notation
To do integration by substitution using Leibniz notation, we think of the derivative function as a fraction of infinitesimally small quantities du and dx. We change variables by manipulatin...
Integration by Substitution: Definite Integrals
Be Careful: There are two ways to use substitution to evaluate definite integrals. When evaluating a definite integral, make sure you know which way you're using them. Way 1: First integrate the in...
Integration by Parts: Indefinite Integrals
We can think of integration by parts as a way to undo the product rule. While integration by substitution lets us find antiderivatives of functions that came from the chain rule, integration by par...
Integration by Parts: Definite Integrals
As with integration by substitution, there are two distinct ways to integrate definite integrals using integration by parts. As with integration by substitution, we have to be careful not to mix th...
Integration by Partial Fractions
Integration by partial fractions is a technique we can use to integrate rational functions when the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. Here's the big picture:We sta...
Integrating Definite Integrals
More good news about integrating by partial fractions: there's only one way to integrate definite integrals. Find an antiderivative of the integrand. Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calc...
Choosing an Integration Method
We've been learning the different methods of integration in a very artificial environment. We know that if we're in the "Integration by Substitution" section, we use substitution. If we're in the "...
Improper Integrals
We'd like to introduce a couple of new words to help us talk about limits. If you're rusty on how limits work, we recommend reviewing them.When a limit exists and equals L, we say that limit conver...
The p-Test
We often use integrals of the functions , for various values of p, to help determine whether other integrals converge or diverge.You already did the work to show this, so we'll just summarize the...
Finite and Infinite Areas
Besides the p-test, there are a few basic principles that go into the rest of this section.If we have a convergent integral and we make its interval of integration smaller, the new integral will al...
Comparison with Formulas
We can figure out whether integrals converge or diverge by comparing them with other integrals whose convergence or divergence we already know. When we're looking at formulas and not at graphs, w...